The Translation

 

The Gītā is a book of practical mystical instruction. Though there are descriptions of the world-scheme, it is not an argued metaphysical treatise. The text is in beautiful but simple Sanskrit verse, easy to memorize, and arousing devotion, energy, intuition, and finally peace in the memorizer.

To know exactly what the Gītā text says, read the 1913 Harvard University Press The Bhagavad Gītā by Franklin Edgerton, a great scholar who made a special study of this text. He set himself (for the sake of students of Sanskrit) to follow the exact pattern of the original verses, so that each line of the English corresponds to that line of the Sanskrit. In spite of some oddities of English construction, the translation still reads reasonably: in its own terms, it is a masterpiece. Students of the present book are recommended to get the 1972 paperback edition (which omits the Sanskrit). Readers should note that he translated the then little-known word ‘yoga’ as ‘discipline’.

For a modern looser version in attractive English, there is The Bhagavad Gītā translated by Juan Mascaro (Penguin Classics).

To learn by heart some key passages of a holy text is one form of the yoga practice of memory. In the present case, Edwin Arnold’s old verse translation The Song Celestial is not only beautiful but easily memorized.

The present book gives the main points of Gītā practice presented by Śaṅkara, the earliest and greatest commentator. Specific applications to present-day life are mostly from teachings of the late Hari Prasad Shastri, who also exemplified them in his own life. He was a Sanskrit scholar, author of the standard translation of the Rāmāyaṇa epic.

Dr Shastri himself published a small book, Teachings from the Bhagavad Gītā, giving some of the important verses with his own comments to them.

The rendering of Gītā verses here is as direct as possible, and in the light of Śaṅkara’s understanding of them. Poetic conventions are omitted. For instance, in this type of Sanskrit verse, it was common to use names and epithets to identify speaker and spoken-to: ‘O best of men’ might correspond to a conventional ‘Good Sir’ in English. They have mostly been left out, as adding nothing to the instruction. It is however worth knowing that the personal name Kṛṣṇa means Dark, and Arjuna means Bright. What is dark because it is as yet unknown (as Śaṅkara explains), teaches the Bright which thinks all is clear to it.

The reader must expect unpoetic diction, as he would in a training manual. Take verses II.52 and 53 as an example. It reads in Edgerton:

When the jungle of delusion

Thy mentality shall get across,

Then thou shalt come to aversion

Towards what is to be heard and has been heard (in the Veda).

Averse to traditional lore (‘heard’ in the Veda)

When shall stand motionless

Thy mentality, immovable in concentration,

Then thou shalt attain discipline.

Edgerton carefully brings out the nuance that this ‘hearing’ refers to the Vedic texts, many of them ceremonial. But there is an added nuance for the student of yoga practice. These holy texts have been studied with reverence. Some of them are quoted, and others paraphrased, in the Gītā itself. Where does this ‘aversion’ come from?

The word in verse 52 is ‘nirvedam’, whose meaning ranges from indifference to loathing. In 53 it is ‘vi-pratipanna’ which can mean turning from, but also has a sense of being driven to distraction. There is a point when what was taken as good in itself is found to be illusory. If the first commandment endorsed by Christ, namely to love God, is dropped off, the second commandment, to love the neighbour, does not lead to peace. It may be vigorously pursued, but it does not relieve the inner aridity.

Spiritual experience suggests: ‘when your mind gets sick of what has been heard …’ and so Dr Shastri sometimes gave it.

In general, the renderings here are not poetical (which often requires context for meaning and effect) but terse and practical. It is the sort of thing found in a training manual, which would prefer ‘closed eyes’ to ‘veilèd lids’. But pupils are urged to read the entire poem, in its original form, to engage the whole personality.

Note on Gender

Following grammatical convention, a singular masculine form means also feminine and plural, e.g. ‘The fearless lion was easily wiped out by hunters in Northern India: not so the more cautious tiger.’ A feminine form can also be of common gender. A ‘sacred cow’ includes the bull, which is just as sacred as the cow.

In Roman law, the ordinary Latin word for man, ‘homo’, could go with adjectives of masculine or feminine form according to the occasion. In this book, ‘he’ indicates where appropriate: he, she, it or they.

Spelling of Sanskrit Words

There are some Sanskrit words which are not translatable: for instance, samādhi is a meditation state for which we have no English word.

In music, technical terms are internationally understood in the original Italian. As yoga becomes accepted, the few technical terms can best remain in internationally standard Sanskrit spelling. Otherwise Germans will spell Krischna, French Krichna, and the Japanese Kirishina.

It will thus be desirable to adopt the standard system of transliteration. It involves a few extra dots. To learn them is important for a practiser who wishes to use mantra, in which correct pronunciation has an effect on physical energy as well as mental. For the ordinary reader, it means that he can follow easily the wonderful line-by-line literal translation of the Gītā by Edgerton.

Pronunciation

The teacher in the Gītā is Kṛṣṇa. This can sound like Krishna, as in modern Hindi. But the sound of ‘ṛ’ is more like the ‘ur’ in ‘church’. (In Europe the same vowel is found in Czech: the Czech word for throat is ‘krk’. So for millions in the West, this vocalic ‘ṛ’ sound is easy.)

The dot under the ‘s’ makes it into ‘sh’. After getting the ‘ṛ’, the tongue is already in position for the ‘ṣ’ and for the ‘ṇ’. They are made naturally.

The short ‘a’, as at the end of Kṛṣṇa, is the commonest sound in Sanskrit. It is not a Continental ‘a’, but nearer to the short English vowel in ‘punch’ or ‘pun’. Everyone studying Sanskrit is told this, and nearly everyone forgets it. The Victorians were right to spell the common Indian name Hari as Hurry.

After getting to know the few rules, the words will be sounded reasonably well. Once familiar, they can be read from a script without the dots, just as we now read correctly the French word facade printed without the cedilla under the ‘c’.

Dots under the ‘t’, ‘d’ and an occasional ‘m’, indicate distinctions hardly perceptible to Europeans. The tick above ‘s’ makes it into a light ‘sh’. It comes repeatedly here in the name Śaṅkara, which has also a dot above the ‘n’ of no audible effect.

To sum up:

ṛ	like ‘ur’ in church
a	like the ‘u’ in pun
ā	like ‘a’ in Pa
ī	like ‘ee’ in knee
ṣ	‘sh’ as in gash
ś	light ‘sh’ as in shilling
ñ	like Spanish señor
o	like Italian ‘o’: to Anglo-Saxon ears, it has some ‘aw’ in it; always long as in Ohm
e	‘ay’ as in day: always long; Vedānta is not Vedd-anta, but always Vaydahnta

Sanskrit Words and Names

adhyātma	relating to self, individual and finally cosmic
abhyāsa	regular long-sustained practice
Bhīma	‘the terrible one’; brother of Arjuna
Bhīṣma	noble general opposing Arjuna’s side
Droṇa	noble master archer
guṇa	fundamental element of nature; there are three: sattva (light, truth), rajas (passion-struggle), tamas (darkness, inertia)
jñāna	Knowledge (of highest truth)
jñāna-niṣṭhā	establishment in Knowledge
jñāna-yoga	method of establishment in Knowledge
karma	‘action’, including its distant effects
Karṇa	heroic half-brother of Arjuna, now opposing him
Kṛṣṇa	partially concealed incarnation of God, who has volunteered to be Arjuna’s charioteer
niṣṭhā	taking one’s stand on, being established in
Pāṇini	grammarian who standardized Sanskrit about 400 BC
Patañjali	author of the Yoga Sūtra-s
prāṇāyāma	control of vital currents, initially through manipulating breath
samādhi	one-pointed meditation where all associations vanish and the meditation object alone shines out
saṃskāra	dynamic latent impression left by action or intense thought
Sañjaya	sees the battle with divine vision and reports it
vairāgya	serene detachment
Vāsudeva	another name of Kṛṣṇa
yoga	literally ‘method’. Spiritual methods to attain Knowledge and then Freedom