14 The Setting of the Bhagavad Gita
The Setting
Queen KuntÄ« has been given the boon of a night visit in successive years by six gods of her choice. By them she has six sons who are thus half-brothers. Five of them are adopted by her husband King PÄį¹įøu, and thus called PÄį¹įøavas. The eldest, Yudhiį¹£į¹hira, is to inherit the kingdom. The next two are the fierce BhÄ«ma, and Arjuna who becomes a master archer, and later the disciple in the GÄ«tÄ. The last two PÄį¹įøavas play no part in the GÄ«tÄ. The other infant, who will be the heroic Karį¹a, is abandoned, but found and adopted by a charioteer. This is an important point.
The cousins of the PÄį¹įøavas, headed by the cruel Duryodhana, trap Yudhiį¹£į¹hira into a gambling match against a dice sharper; he loses the kingdom to Duryodhana. The PÄį¹įøavas are exiled, pursued by the new kingās murderous hate. The noble Bhīṣma the commander-in-chief, and Droį¹a a great general, who had trained the young PÄį¹įøavas, now hold themselves bound by their oath of loyalty to the monarch, though they recognize that the present one is a tyrant.
Another relative of both sides is Kį¹į¹£į¹a, a warrior chief who is an incarnation of God, though largely undeclared. He makes attempts to mediate as allies come to support the PÄį¹įøavas, but war becomes inevitable. As the armies face each other, Arjunaās will to fight collapses. He suddenly realizes how they will have to kill revered figures like Bhīṣma if they are to win. He appeals to Kį¹į¹£į¹a to tell him what to do. Kį¹į¹£į¹a makes a few attempts to rally his courage with talk of honour and glory: when Arjuna does not respond, the GÄ«tÄ teachings begin on an entirely different level.
The teachings begin. But for a long time, as the GÄ«tÄ will show, Arjuna has his doubts about them. If he had had no doubts, the GÄ«tÄ would have ended with ChapterĀ III.